Superliga de Turquía 2020-21
La temporada 2020-21 fue la 63.ª temporada de la Superliga de Turquía, la máxima categoría del fútbol profesional en Turquía. El torneo comenzó el 11 de septiembre de 2020 y finalizó el 15 de mayo de 2021.
| Superliga de Turquía 2020-21 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Datos generales | |||||
| Sede |
 Turquía | ||||
| Fecha |
11 de septiembre de 2020 15 de mayo de 2021 | ||||
| Edición | 63 | ||||
| Organizador | Federación Turca de Fútbol | ||||
| Palmarés | |||||
| Campeón | Beşiktaş (16) | ||||
| Subcampeón | Galatasaray | ||||
| Tercero | Fenerbahçe | ||||
| Datos estadísticos | |||||
| Participantes | 21 equipos | ||||
| Partidos | 420 | ||||
| Goles | 1136 (2.7 goles por partido) | ||||
| Máximo goleador |
 Aaron Boupendza (22)(Hatayspor) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Intercambio de plazas | |||||
 Descenso(s): |
BB Erzurumspor Ankaragücü Gençlerbirliği Denizlispor | ||||
| Cronología | |||||
| |||||
Ascensos y descensos
|
|
Clubes
Estambul
Equipos de la Süper Lig 2020–21.
Equipos de Estambul en la superliga
| Club | Ciudad | Estadio | Aforo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ankaragücü | Ankara | Estadio Eryaman | 20,071 |
| Alanyaspor | Alanya | Estadio Bahçeşehir Okulları | 10,130 |
| Antalyaspor | Antalya | Antalya Arena | 33,032 |
| Beşiktaş | Estambul (Beşiktaş) | Vodafone Park | 42.000 |
| BB Erzurumspor | Erzurum | Estadio Kâzım Karabekir | 21,374 |
| Rizespor | Rize | Estadio Yeni Rize Şehir | 15,485 |
| Denizlispor | Denizli | Estadio Denizli Atatürk | 15,500 |
| Fatih Karagümrük | Estambul (Fatih) | Estadio Olímpico Atatürk | 76.761 |
| Fenerbahçe | Estambul (Kadıköy) | Estadio Şükrü Saracoğlu | 50.509 |
| Galatasaray | Estambul (Şişli) | Türk Telekom Arena | 52.652 |
| Gazişehir Gaziantep | Gaziantep | Gaziantep Arena | 33,502 |
| Gençlerbirliği | Ankara | Estadio Eryaman | 20,071 |
| Göztepe | Esmirna | Estadio Gürsel Aksel | 25,035 |
| İstanbul Başakşehir | Estambul (Başakşehir) | Estadio Başakşehir Fatih Terim | 17,801 |
| Kasımpaşa | Estambul (Beyoğlu) | Estadio Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | 14,234 |
| Hatayspor | Hatay | Nuevo Estadio de Hatay | 25,269 |
| Kayserispor | Kayseri | Estadio Kadir Has | 32,864 |
| Konyaspor | Konya | Torku Arena | 42,276 |
| Sivasspor | Sivas | Sivas Arena | 27,532 |
| Trabzonspor | Trebisonda | Estadio Şenol Güneş | 41.900 |
| Yeni Malatyaspor | Malatya | Malatya Arena | 27,044 |
Información de los equipos
| Equipo | Entrenador | Capitán | Marca | Patrocinador principal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanyaspor | Çağdaş Atan |
Efecan Karaca |
Uhlsport | TAV Airports |
| Ankaragücü | Hikmet Karaman |
Korcan Çelikay |
Nike | Onvo 4K Smart TV |
| Antalyaspor | Ersun Yanal |
Hakan Özmert |
Kappa | Regnum |
| Beşiktaş | Sergen Yalçın |
 Atiba Hutchinson |
Adidas | Beko |
| BB Erzurumspor | Yılmaz Vural |
Cenk Ahmet Alkılıç |
Puma | Mahmood Coffee |
| Çaykur Rizespor | Bülent Uygun |
Abdullah Durak |
Nike | Çaykur |
| Denizlispor | Ali Tandoğan |
 Hugo Rodallega |
Kappa | Yukatel |
| Fatih Karagümrük |  Francesco Farioli |
 Lucas Biglia |
Wulfz | Wulfz |
| Fenerbahçe | Emre Belözoğlu |
Gökhan Gönül |
Adidas | Avis |
| Galatasaray | Fatih Terim |
 Fernando Muslera |
Nike | Sixt |
| Gazişehir Gaziantep |  Sá Pinto |
Günay Güvenç |
Nike | Maisonette |
| Gençlerbirliği | Özcan Bizati |
 Zargo Touré |
Macron | Skyline Tower |
| Göztepe | Ünal Karaman |
Halil Akbunar |
Puma | Türkerler |
| Hatayspor | Ömer Erdoğan |
Mesut Çaytemel |
Nike | Concorde Hotels & Resorts |
| İstanbul Başakşehir | Aykut Kocaman |
Mahmut Tekdemir |
Bilcee | Decovita |
| Kasımpaşa |  Şenol Can |
Ramazan Köse |
Nike | Ciner |
| Kayserispor | Yalçın Koşukavak |
 Cristian Săpunaru |
Nike | İstikbal |
| Konyaspor | İlhan Palut |
 Ibrahim Šehić |
Lotto | Spor Toto |
| Sivasspor | Rıza Çalımbay |
Ziya Erdal |
Puma | Demir İnşaat |
| Trabzonspor | Abdullah Avcı |
Uğurcan Çakır |
Macron | Vestel |
| Yeni Malatyaspor | İrfan Buz |
Adem Büyük |
Nike | Medicana |
Tabla de posiciones
| Equipo | J | G | E | P | GF | GC | DG | Puntos | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Beşiktaş | 40 | 26 | 6 | 8 | 89 | 44 | 45 | 84 |
| 2 | Galatasaray | 40 | 26 | 6 | 8 | 80 | 36 | 44 | 84 |
| 3 | Fenerbahçe | 40 | 25 | 7 | 8 | 72 | 41 | 31 | 82 |
| 4 | Trabzonspor | 40 | 19 | 14 | 7 | 50 | 37 | 13 | 71 |
| 5 | Sivasspor | 40 | 16 | 17 | 7 | 54 | 43 | 11 | 65 |
| 6 | Hatayspor | 40 | 17 | 10 | 13 | 62 | 53 | 9 | 61 |
| 7 | Alanyaspor | 40 | 17 | 9 | 14 | 58 | 45 | 13 | 60 |
| 8 | Fatih Karagümrük | 40 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 64 | 52 | 12 | 60 |
| 9 | Gaziantep | 40 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 59 | 51 | 8 | 58 |
| 10 | Göztepe | 40 | 13 | 12 | 15 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 51 |
| 11 | Konyaspor | 40 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 49 | 48 | 1 | 50 |
| 12 | İstanbul Başakşehir | 40 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 43 | 55 | -12 | 48 |
| 13 | Rizespor | 40 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 53 | 69 | -16 | 48 |
| 14 | Kasımpaşa | 40 | 12 | 10 | 18 | 47 | 57 | -10 | 46 |
| 15 | Yeni Malatyaspor | 40 | 10 | 15 | 15 | 49 | 53 | -4 | 45 |
| 16 | Antalyaspor | 40 | 9 | 17 | 14 | 41 | 55 | -14 | 44 |
| 17 | Kayserispor | 40 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 35 | 52 | -17 | 41 |
| 18 | BB Erzurumspor | 40 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 44 | 68 | -24 | 40 |
| 19 | Ankaragücü | 40 | 10 | 8 | 22 | 46 | 65 | -19 | 38 |
| 20 | Gençlerbirliği | 40 | 10 | 8 | 22 | 44 | 76 | -32 | 38 |
| 21 | Denizlispor | 40 | 6 | 10 | 24 | 38 | 77 | -39 | 28 |
| Fuente: Superliga de Turquía; actualización automática | |||||||||
Resultados
| Local \ Visitante | ALA | ANK | ANT | BEŞ | RİZ | DEN | ERZ | FKA | FEN | GAL | GFK | GEN | GÖZ | HAT | İBA | KAS | KAY | KON | SİV | TRA | YMA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanyaspor | — | 4–3 | 4–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 2–3 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 6–0 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 |
| Ankaragücü | 0–1 | — | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 4–3 | 1–4 | 0–1 | 3–1 |
| Antalyaspor | 0–2 | 1–0 | — | 1–1 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–3 | 0–6 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–4 | 1–1 | 1–1 |
| Beşiktaş | 3–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | — | 6–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 7–0 | 3–2 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 |
| Rizespor | 1–1 | 5–3 | 2–1 | 2–3 | — | 1–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 0–4 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 5–3 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–4 |
| Denizlispor | 1–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 0–1 | — | 2–3 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 1–4 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–2 |
| BB Erzurumspor | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–4 | 0–0 | 1–2 | — | 2–2 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 |
| Fatih Karagümrük | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 1–4 | 2–1 | 5–1 | 5–1 | — | 1–2 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 3–0 |
| Fenerbahçe | 2–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 3–4 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 | — | 0–1 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 3–2 | 3–0 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 0–3 |
| Galatasaray | 1–2 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 3–4 | 6–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | — | 3–1 | 6–0 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 3–1 |
| Gaziantep | 3–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 4–5 | 2–0 | 2–3 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 1–2 | — | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–2 |
| Gençlerbirliği | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–5 | 0–2 | 1–1 | — | 5–3 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 1–1 |
| Göztepe | 1–0 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 1–3 | 2–2 | 4–0 | — | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 3–5 | 1–1 | 2–2 |
| Hatayspor | 0–0 | 4–1 | 3–2 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 2–3 | — | 2–0 | 1–0 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–2 |
| İstanbul Başakşehir | 0–0 | 2–1 | 5–1 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 3–3 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–5 | — | 2–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 3–1 |
| Kasımpaşa | 3–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 3–2 | 0–3 | 1–0 | 0–4 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–4 | 0–1 | — | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 |
| Kayserispor | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 6–3 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | — | 1–2 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 1–0 |
| Konyaspor | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 0–3 | 4–3 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | — | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 |
| Sivasspor | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 | — | 0–0 | 1–0 |
| Trabzonspor | 1–3 | 4–1 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 3–4 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | — | 3–1 |
| Yeni Malatyaspor | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 2–2 | 0–2 | — |
Fuente: Turkish Football Federation (en turco)
Colores: Azul = victoria del equipo local; Amarillo = empate; Rojo = victoria del equipo visitante.
Para los próximos partidos, la a indica que existe un artículo sobre el partido.
Colores: Azul = victoria del equipo local; Amarillo = empate; Rojo = victoria del equipo visitante.
Para los próximos partidos, la a indica que existe un artículo sobre el partido.
TFF Primera División
La TFF Primera División es la segunda categoría del fútbol en Turquía, el campeón y subcampeón ascienden directamente a la Superliga, mientras el tercer ascenso es para el vencedor de los playoffs en los que participan los clubes clasificados entre el tercer y sexto puesto.
Clasificación
| Pos. | Equipo | Pts. | PJ | G | E | P | GF | GC | Dif. | Clasificación o descenso |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adana Demirspor | 70 | 34 | 21 | 7 | 6 | 64 | 27 | +37 | Ascenso a la Süper Lig. |
| 2 | Giresunspor | 70 | 34 | 21 | 7 | 6 | 54 | 25 | +29 | |
| 3 | Samsunspor | 70 | 34 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 58 | 30 | +28 | Clasifican a los play-offs por el ascenso a la Süper Lig. |
| 4 | İstanbulspor | 64 | 34 | 19 | 7 | 8 | 62 | 34 | +28 | |
| 5 | Altay | 63 | 34 | 20 | 3 | 11 | 66 | 39 | +27 | |
| 6 | Altınordu | 60 | 34 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 58 | 45 | +13 | |
| 7 | Ankara Keçiörengücü | 58 | 34 | 17 | 7 | 10 | 49 | 28 | +21 | |
| 8 | Ümraniyespor | 51 | 34 | 14 | 9 | 11 | 46 | 43 | +3 | |
| 9 | Tuzlaspor | 47 | 34 | 14 | 5 | 15 | 46 | 53 | −7 | |
| 10 | Bursaspor | 46 | 34 | 14 | 4 | 16 | 56 | 57 | −1 | |
| 11 | Bandırmaspor | 42 | 34 | 12 | 6 | 16 | 48 | 51 | −3 | |
| 12 | Boluspor | 42 | 34 | 12 | 6 | 16 | 38 | 41 | −3 | |
| 13 | Balıkesirspor | 35 | 34 | 9 | 8 | 17 | 35 | 53 | −18 | |
| 14 | Adanaspor | 34 | 34 | 9 | 7 | 18 | 44 | 55 | −11 | |
| 15 | Menemenspor | 34 | 34 | 7 | 13 | 14 | 38 | 62 | −24 | |
| 16 | Akhisarspor | 30 | 34 | 8 | 6 | 20 | 36 | 59 | −23 | Descenso a la TFF Segunda División. |
| 17 | Ankaraspor | 26 | 34 | 6 | 8 | 20 | 33 | 61 | −28 | |
| 18 | Eskişehirspor[lower-alpha 1] | 8 | 34 | 1 | 8 | 25 | 23 | 91 | −68 |
Fuente: TFF
Criterios de clasificación: 1) Puntos; 2) Puntos partidos directos; 3) Diferencia de gol en partidos directos; 4) Goles anotados en partidos directos; 5) Gol diferencia; 6) Goles anotados.
Notas:
- Eskişehirspor fue sancionado con la reducción de tres puntos.
Resultados
| Local \ Visitante | ADS | ADA | AKH | ALT | ATO | AKG | ANK | BAL | BAN | BOL | BUR | ESK | GRS | İST | MEN | SAM | TUZ | ÜMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adana Demirspor | — | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 4–2 |
| Adanaspor | 2–2 | — | 3–1 | 1–4 | 5–2 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 0–3 | 5–2 | 0–4 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 0–2 | 1–3 | 0–2 |
| Akhisarspor | 2–3 | 0–1 | — | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–4 | 0–0 | 1–1 |
| Altay | 1–0 | 4–1 | 2–1 | — | 1–3 | 0–4 | 3–0 | 1–3 | 4–3 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 6–0 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 5–0 | 3–1 |
| Altınordu | 0–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 2–1 | — | 0–2 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 6–3 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–4 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 1–0 |
| Ankara Keçiörengücü | 1–0 | 1–0 | 6–0 | 0–1 | 5–3 | — | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 |
| Ankaraspor | 1–3 | 0–2 | 4–2 | 2–2 | 0–3 | 1–0 | — | 1–2 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 |
| Balıkesirspor | 0–1 | 0–3 | 3–0 | 0–3 | 0–5 | 1–2 | 2–2 | — | 2–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 0–2 | 1–1 |
| Bandırmaspor | 0–3 | 3–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | — | 2–3 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 3–2 | 1–0 |
| Boluspor | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | — | 2–1 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 1–4 |
| Bursaspor | 1–3 | 1–0 | 3–2 | 1–3 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 4–2 | — | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 1–3 |
| Eskişehirspor | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–5 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 1–5 | — | 0–5 | 0–3 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 |
| Giresunspor | 2–0 | 4–3 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | — | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 0–1 |
| İstanbulspor | 3–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 5–3 | 5–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 3–3 | 3–0 | 1–1 | — | 4–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–3 |
| Menemenspor | 1–4 | 0–0 | 6–2 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 0–4 | 1–2 | — | 2–2 | 2–5 | 1–1 |
| Samsunspor | 0–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 4–2 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 6–1 | 0–2 | 0–3 | 1–1 | — | 2–0 | 3–0 |
| Tuzlaspor | 0–3 | 3–2 | 0–3 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–6 | 0–1 | 3–3 | 5–2 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 0–2 | — | 0–1 |
| Ümraniyespor | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 4–3 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 1–3 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 1–1 | — |
Fuente: TFF
Colores: Azul = victoria del equipo local; Amarillo = empate; Rojo = victoria del equipo visitante.
Colores: Azul = victoria del equipo local; Amarillo = empate; Rojo = victoria del equipo visitante.
Play-offs por el ascenso
| Semifinales | Final | ||||||||||
| 4 | İstanbulspor | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||||||
| 5 | Altay | 3 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| 5 | Altay | 1 | |||||||||
| 6 | Altınordu | 0 | |||||||||
| 3 | Samsunspor | 0 | 2 | 2 | |||||||
| 6 | Altınordu | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
Referencias
| Control de autoridades |
|
|---|
Datos: Q96621751
Multimedia: 2020–21 Süper Lig / Q96621751
Este artículo ha sido escrito por Wikipedia. El texto está disponible bajo la licencia Creative Commons - Atribución - CompartirIgual. Pueden aplicarse cláusulas adicionales a los archivos multimedia.